Or when is the 8th really the 17th?
From time to time, the contentious topic of historical accuracy in historical fiction rears its pointy head, where one camp succinctly points out that it’s FICTION, and that gives it sufficient license to “bend” history. The other camp takes exception to this license, since the works are based on real people, and we owe it to them to be as accurate as possible. This camp of authors—I among them—have found ourselves obsessing over dates to the point of obtaining itineraries where available and being scrupulous about not having a character in one place if records show that character in another. We save our speculation for where the information is absent or conflicted.
Adhering to the facts has spoiled many a plot point. Often, when the story has to be retooled to accommodate what is known, the story gets better, but not always. I’m happy to reveal a 170 year loophole, but only if the story takes place between October 1582 and September 1752. This is because in February 1582, Pope Gregory XIII issued a papal bull to correct discrepancies in the calendar where the solstices didn’t align. The bull decreed that ten days were to be eliminated from the calendar such that the day following Thursday, October 4, 1582 would thereafter be known as Friday, October 15, 1582 (instead of October 5th)—hence eliminating ten days from that year. Years that were divisible by 100 must also be divisible by 400 to be a leap year, and new rules were put in place for determining the date on which Easter fell. In addition, leap day was moved from the day before February 25th to the day after February 28th. (I wonder if the Julian leap day was February 24.5?)
A further complication was the day celebrated for the New Year. Not only did it vary from country to country, but also between groups within a country. So the New Year may have been celebrated in March, January, or December. This bull also set the New Year to January 1st.
The bull was issued after Great Britain broke with the Roman Catholic Church. Great Britain did not adopt the new calendar until September 1752, when September 14th immediately followed September 2nd.
The difference between the calendars created some problems and disparities. For example, in the colonies (now the United States) the New Year was observed March 25th, but when Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752, the observed day was pushed back to January 1st. As a result, those born between January 1st and March 25th suddenly found their birth year advancing by a year. Imagine having to wait an extra year to collect social security or being able to legally drink because your calendar suddenly changed? While George Washington didn’t have to worry about social security or a legal drinking age, he might have not made the cut-off legal age to be president if he had been born ten years later than his actual birth on February 2, 1731 (Julian)/1732 (Gregorian).
So rejoice historical fiction writers of the late 16th, the entire 17th, and first half of the 18th centuries—here is your loophole. Or curse, because it’s also your dilemma. Suppose your character is English, but the documents you are referring to were translated from the French. Were the dates in Julian or Gregorian? How did people who traveled between the countries reckon the dates?
What fun!
Reference: The Julian and Gregorian Calendars by Peter Meyer–hermetic.ch/cal_stud/cal_art.html
Terrific, Joan. Loved it!
And Giovanni Pico was born on February 24, 1463…so did he lose or gain a celebration day? And if northern Italians considered 25 March as their new year’s day, what age was he actually considered to be in 1494, when he died?
Maybe all this stuff explains why Medieval and early Renaissance people weren’t as keen on marking their birth anniversaries with parties. Some relied upon their “name days” (i.e., their Saints’ name days) to regulate the ebb and flow of their years. And as you say, what was true for England wasn’t necessarily true for France, and moreover, there was no Italia – just a loose and ever-shifting conglomeration of alliances among large and small City-States.
One day, you might be a citizen of Urbino, but if the Pope laid claim to that region, you were suddenly a Roman, subject to the chronologies (and taxes) of the Papal States, including Rome. Until the Papal army was defeated in a skirmish by – say – Venetian mercenaries? Your New Year’s day might even slide around multiple times during the course of your one life span.
No wonder clocks and chronometers remained so inexact for so many years, despite the evident ability of craftsmen to make precisely-timed automata…as mere playthings. Wealthy people commissioned wondrous wine-spouting fountains or amazing wind-up toys. Presumably, pre-Industrial Revolution time keeping, in general, must’ve had a much lower priority than we’d find comfortable, today – or should that be tomorrow, as I see it’s past Midnight. here, yet my friends in California are still enjoying yesterday….
Speaking of Time, my Website is about 18 months out-of-synch. My Web designer is busy creating an entire church’s-worth of stained glass windows. So if anybody wonders how they missed my publication dates, let it be known: one book has been postponed, because its content will be altered to align with the one I’m currently working upon, and this book (called “Dust to Dust” on my site) now has a totally different title…and has become Book One of three, with the uber-title Entanglement.
Years from now, strangers may find this page and wonder When? and What?.
And no doubt conclude my dating system was most irregular, 😉
The international date line sends my brain on scramble.
I’ve always thought it impossible to figure out the dates; I kind of roll my eyes. It’s one of many reasons why I can’t write historical fiction for the periods that really interest me. I can’t write anyway so it’s not a big problem, I guess.
Very interesting indeed. It is a problem. While I always do my best to be accurate, I have begun to think we worry too much. I have often changed and rearranged things because I found out I had made a mistake somewhere. However, now I have come to realise that historians, supposedly writing fact and who absolutely should be accurate, often don’t bother and merely give their opinions while stating they are fact. So I now put the good of the story first if there are conflicts. I am writing fiction, and my readers care more about the story than strict accuracy – if there are changes to the ‘real’ history, I will explain my reasons and excuses in the Author’s Notes!